Land reclamation using reservoir sediments in Tigray,northern Ethiopia

Accelerated soil erosion leads to sedimentation in reservoirs and a decline in their life span. As many reservoirs in northern Ethiopia are dry at the end of the dry season, we were able to evaluate the potential of using reservoir sediments for land reclamation. Stripped land from which construction material for the reservoirs had been excavated was covered with 0, 15 and 30 cm of sediment and planted with a local garlic cultivar (Allium sativum). The applied reservoir sediments had low to medium organic C and total N contents and were high in available P and exchangeable cations. The yield of garlic increased with additional available water and the application of sediments. The results show that total biomass and bulb yield were three times higher on the reclaimed plots than on the control ones (11.7 t/ha vs. 3.6 t/ha for the biomass; 7.7 t/ha vs. 2.0 t/ha for the yield). When sediment transport and labour costs were taken into account, plots with 15 cm of sediments had in the first cropping season a cost‐benefit ratio of 3, whilst those with 30 cm had a cost‐benefit ratio of 0.9. This study demonstrates that the use of relatively small quantities of reservoir sediments is an economically viable strategy for land reclamation. The result can be improvement in income for resource‐poor farmers by as much as 76%, and the life expectancy of the reservoirs is also increased.     

Is MUSLE apt to small steeply reforested watershed?

The reforested headwater watersheds in Japan are very important from the points of view of commercial and environmental aspects. At the present time, much and varied research is running to assess and understand the hydrologic behavior of these watersheds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the deterministic model MUSLE in the Mie small steeply reforested watershed. The model was tested and calibrated using accurate continuous suspended sediment data collected during eight storm events in 2004. Results of the original model simulations for storm-wise sediment yield did not match the observed data, while the revised version of the model could imitate the observed values well. The results of the study approved the efficient application of the revised MUSLE in estimating storm-wise sediment yield in the study area with a high level of agreement of beyond 88%, an acceptable estimation error of some 14% and non-significant difference in mean values.     

滇池沉积物金属污染及潜在生态风险研究

对滇池126个采样点沉积物0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10-20 cm中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As等7种金属的含量进行了分析测定,各金属含量测定结果均高于相应的参比值,表明滇池沉积物受到了不同程度的金属污染.各金属含量的水平分布很不均衡,Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg和As含量随沉积物深度的减小而增大,Cu和Cr含量则随沉积物深度减小而减小,表明滇池沉积物中Cu和Cr污染整体上出现了减缓的趋势,而Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg和As污染在不断加剧.用H(a)k(a)nson潜在生态风险指数对滇池沉积物金属污染的生态风险进行了分析,结果表明:滇池沉积物存在轻微的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和As污染生态风险,以及中等的Hg和Cd污染生态风险;全湖沉积物金属污染的平均生态风险指数RI值为205.03,属中等生态风险,但有快速加大的趋势.     

食品添加剂在面粉加工中的应用与发展前景

对国内食品添加剂的使用情况进行了分析,并探讨了面粉加工中食品添加剂的发展方向和趋势。     

百花湖麦西河口沉积物剖面重金属的形态分布

为揭示贵阳市百花湖入湖河口——麦西河口沉积物剖面中重金属的形态分布特征,采用柱状采泥器通过临水垂直插管法采集沉积物样品。借鉴改进Tessier五步连续提取法对沉积物中4种重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的形态在垂向上的分布进行测定,并对其总量进行讨论。结果表明:重金属总量由大到小的顺序为:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd,含量分别为190.53～302.08、82.44～192.37、21.67～94.70、0.13～1.86mg/kg。其中,Cd主要以离子交换态、铁/锰氧化物结合态存在;Cu主要以有机质及硫化物结合态和残渣晶格结合态存在;Pb与Zn主要以有机质及硫化物结合态、铁/锰氧化物结合态和残渣晶格结合态存在。4种重金属的总量和形态在垂向上的分布因重金属种类不同而有所差异,呈现出垂向分布的不规律性。     

大青山不同植被类型保育土壤能力

采用人工模拟降雨的方法研究了不同植被类型枯落物层和土壤层对降雨产流量的阻滞作用,从而揭示其保育土壤的能力。结果表明:在0.80～0.85 mm/min降雨强度下,不同植被类型的产沙量由大到小依次为,未封育荒草坡、油松幼龄林、已封育荒草坡、油松中龄林、虎榛子阳坡灌丛、白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、油松近熟林、虎榛子阴坡灌丛、白桦近熟林;在0.60～0.65 mm/min降雨强度下则为,未封育荒草坡、油松幼龄林、已封育荒草坡、白桦幼龄林、油松中龄林、虎榛子阳坡灌丛、虎榛子阴坡灌丛、油松近熟林、白桦中龄林、白桦近熟林。同一植被类型枯落物层、土壤层滞水量及保土能力均与模拟降雨强度呈反比,不同植被类型保育土壤能力由大到小为,白桦天然次生林、油松人工林、虎榛子灌丛、荒草坡。     

竺山湖底泥疏浚对沉积物反硝化影响研究

通过竺山湖底泥疏浚表层50 cm模拟试验,疏浚柱间隙水硝态氮浓度为0.02～0.48 mg/L,高于对照柱0.05～0.08 mg/L,疏浚柱和对照柱沉积物反硝化速率分别为5.6～25.6和21.3～95.6 nmol/(g.h),疏浚柱反硝化速率降低,说明底泥疏浚对竺山湖沉积物反硝化具有负面影响。     

旅游活动对洞穴生态环境的影响分析

通过查阅有关文献资料,并结合所监测的重庆雪玉洞洞穴生态环境,分析认为:旅游活动使得洞穴CO2含量呈升高趋势,洞穴温度也呈升高趋势且变幅增大,洞穴空气湿度呈降低趋势,还可能破坏洞穴生态系统,这对洞穴碳酸盐岩沉积物的保护十分不利,应引起人们足够的重视。此外,旅游活动很容易恶化地下河水的水质,威胁岩溶区的饮水安全。     

Sediment transport from continuous monitoring in a perennial Mediterranean stream

Sediment transport in the Ribera Salada stream was estimated from continuous suspended and bedload monitoring between 2005 and 2008. The Ribera Salada basin is a mountainous perennial river in the Southern Pyrenees and is representative of the extensive forestry land use in this upland region. Water and sediment fluxes have been analysed with the aim of determining the thresholds, duration, ranges and relative contributions of the two sediment transport modes (suspended and bedload), and their variability in relation to the basin's annual hydrology. The stream's hydrology in the first two sampling years was average in the context of a 10-yr series of the basin, while 2007–2008 can be classified as a wet year. The specific total sediment load during the study period amounted to 12 t km⁻²y⁻¹, a low value compared with similar Mediterranean counterparts. The maximum load (31.5 t km⁻²y⁻¹) was observed during the wettest year of the monitoring programme. During average years most of the total load (> 90%) was transported in suspension; consequently, suspended sediment transport is more frequent through time. In contrast, bedload occurs sporadically during floods that exceed certain hydraulic thresholds, corresponding to a flow equalled or exceeded 4% of the time, that yields an average shear stress of ∼ 35 N m⁻². Under such conditions bedload transport becomes relevant and, if the threshold is frequently exceeded as in relatively wet years such as 2007–2008, may constitute the majority of the total sediment load (74%). This paper provides new evidence of the distinct role of sediment transport modes in stable fluvial environments where only sporadic inputs of surplus energy (flow discharge) determine the dominant mode, magnitude and duration of their respective contribution.     

Geochemical tracing and spatial evolution of the sediment bed load of the Romaine River,Québec,Canada

A four-reservoir hydroelectric complex which is projected on the Romaine River, in eastern Québec, Canada, will likely lead to the complete settling of the sand-size bed load of the river. In order to characterise the present river bed load sources, sediment transport and sedimentary connectivity, a study was conducted to document the compositional continuum of the lower 300 km portion of the river. Bed load samples were collected during the late summer low water period and ICP-MS geochemical analyses of the light and heavy mineral portions were conducted. Principal component analysis of the results successfully identified a series of distinctive geochemical domains. Multivariate Euclidean distance coefficients were also calculated between consecutive samples along the river revealing major bed load compositional breaks. These results indicate a longitudinal fractionation of the bed load along the 300 km course of the river. This is further supported by the sedimentary budget calculated from the annual sedimentary input derived from erosion rates of the river banks, from sediment bed load measurements at three gauging stations and from calculated bed load transport capacity at these three locations. It appears that significant sediment accommodation space is available on the upper course (250 km) of the Romaine River, in spite of the fact that this river has drained highly sediment-laden meltwaters from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet, some 10 ka ago. This accommodation space leads to the renewal of the bed load due to recurrent partial to complete sedimentation. The major part of the bed load reaching the Romaine River mouth originates from the lower 50 km of the river course.